Laboratory calculations & formulations Laboratory solution preparation Calculate molarity, dilution, and percentage solutions, then use reference formulations that scale by final volume. Each recipe identifies ingredients, steps, safety notes, and sources.
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General calculators Results update from your inputs. Every volume is a final volume, not an instruction to add that same volume of water.
Molar solution Stock dilution Percentage solution
Confirm molar mass from the reagent label, supplier SDS, or the PrimerCat molecular-weight tool.
Open MW calculator → m = C × V × MW Mass required
58.44 g 02 Scalable reference formulations
Common recipes Change the target final volume on any card to scale quantitative ingredients. pH adjusters and water-to-volume remain measurement-driven.
Buffers 1× PBS (pH 7.4) Phosphate-buffered saline without calcium or magnesium
4 linked reagent records Routine priority Close recipe⌄ 01 Critical addition order Dissolve the salts in about 80% of the final water volume, confirm the solution is clear, then measure pH and bring to volume.
02 Do not mix / incompatibilities PBS itself is generally a low-hazard aqueous solution, but azide, preservatives, drugs, or biological samples require reassessment of the complete mixture.
03 Waste decision Follow local rules for uncontaminated PBS; do not use an ordinary-buffer route when it contains cells, pathogens, drugs, heavy metals, or azide.
Preparation Dissolve the components in about 80% of the final volume of deionized water. Measure and adjust to pH 7.4, then bring to final volume with water. Filter-sterilize or autoclave when appropriate for the application, then label under local laboratory rules. Critical boundaries This formulation uses anhydrous Na₂HPO₄; do not reuse the listed mass for a hydrate. For cell culture, verify sterility, endotoxin, and ionic-composition requirements for the specific application. Electrophoresis 50× TAE Concentrated buffer for agarose gel electrophoresis
3 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Electrophoresis 10× TBE High-capacity concentrated buffer for nucleic-acid electrophoresis
3 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks 1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) Common molecular-biology buffer stock
2 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks 10% SDS (w/v) Sodium dodecyl sulfate stock solution
1 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks 0.5 M disodium EDTA (pH 8.0) Common molecular-biology chelator stock
2 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Electrophoresis 10× Tris–Glycine–SDS running buffer Concentrated SDS-PAGE electrode buffer, approximately pH 8.3
3 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Electrophoresis 1× Towbin transfer buffer (20% methanol) Common Tris–Glycine–Methanol formulation for wet western transfer
3 linked reagent records Critical concern Open recipe⌄
Buffers RIPA-150 (Triton X-100 version) Detergent buffer used in selected ChIP and protein-lysis workflows
7 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Buffers 1× TE (pH 8.0) Tris-EDTA buffer for nucleic-acid resuspension and storage
3 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Buffers 10× TBS (pH 7.6) Concentrated Tris-buffered saline for western blotting and immunoassays
3 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Buffers 1× TBST (0.1% Tween 20) Wash buffer for western blotting and immunoassays
4 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Buffers 20× SSC (pH 7.0) Saline-sodium citrate buffer for nucleic-acid hybridization and northern/southern blotting
3 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Buffers 0.05 M carbonate coating buffer (pH 9.6) Carbonate-bicarbonate coating buffer for ELISA and immunoassays
2 linked reagent records Routine priority Open recipe⌄
Buffers 5% nonfat milk blocking buffer in TBST Common membrane-blocking and antibody-dilution system for western blotting
4 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Buffers 5% BSA antibody incubation buffer in TBST Western blot buffer for antibodies whose datasheets specify BSA
5 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Buffers 1% Triton X-100 mild lysis buffer Nonionic-detergent buffer for cytoplasmic and selected membrane-protein extraction
4 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks Ampicillin sodium stock (100 mg/mL) Common 1000× stock for bacterial plasmid selection
1 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks Kanamycin sulfate stock (50 mg/mL) Common 1000× stock for bacterial plasmid selection
1 linked reagent records Critical concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks Chloramphenicol stock (25 mg/mL in ethanol) Common ethanol-based 1000× stock for bacterial selection
2 linked reagent records Critical concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) Acidic salt stock commonly used for alcohol precipitation of nucleic acids
2 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks 5 M sodium chloride High-salt stock for nucleic-acid precipitation, hybridization, and protein purification
1 linked reagent records Routine priority Open recipe⌄
Stocks 1 M magnesium chloride (hexahydrate) Divalent-ion stock used in enzyme reactions, media, and molecular cloning
1 linked reagent records Routine priority Open recipe⌄
Stocks 8 M urea Denaturant stock for proteins, inclusion bodies, and denaturing purification
1 linked reagent records Routine priority Open recipe⌄
Stocks 6 M guanidine hydrochloride Concentrated chaotrope for protein denaturation, inclusion bodies, and selected nucleic-acid workflows
1 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks 2 M imidazole (pH 7.4) Concentrated stock for His-tag affinity binding, wash, and elution buffers
2 linked reagent records Critical concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks 1 M DTT Reducing-agent stock for protein samples and selected nucleic-acid workflows
1 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks 100 mM PMSF in anhydrous isopropanol Serine-protease inhibitor stock added fresh to protein lysis buffers
2 linked reagent records Critical concern Open recipe⌄
Stocks 100 mM IPTG Stock for blue-white screening and lac-system protein induction
1 linked reagent records High concern Open recipe⌄
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Minimum safety check before preparation Confirm chemical name, CAS, concentration/purity, and hydration state from the container—not an abbreviation alone. Read Sections 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, and 10 of the current supplier SDS and follow institutional EHS/SOP controls. Confirm ventilation, eye protection, glove compatibility, waste container, and exposure-response facilities before starting. For acids, bases, or large concentrated stocks, assess heat release, splashing, and vessel capacity, leaving room for final volume adjustment. Check reagent safety → This research-use guide does not replace the supplier SDS, laboratory SOP, risk assessment, or professional safety training.